It undermines popularly-held views of such conditions and suggests need for revision of findings of modern historians. yields new insights into economic and social conditions in Ireland during the forties. They also implemented programmes of assisted emigration during the great Irish famine. The partners supervised major agricultural improvements. Several of the firm’s clients resided in England. Read moreĭrawing on a recently-discovered correspondence archive of the 1840s, this article describes activities of the then most important land agency in Ireland, Messrs Stewart and Kincaid. 1415 had less effect on the currency than the second late medieval bullion crisis, from the 1430s to the 1460s. Per capita currency estimates and values of coin hoards and single coin finds are at a high level around 1400, falling in the second half of the fifteenth century, indicating that the European 'bullion famine' of the 1390s to c. Estimates of the sterling currency are not estimates of the currency of England, and they cannot be combined with data relating exclusively to England in economic modelling, without qualification. Estimates of the currency of the Sterling Area are provided, taking the chronology of its growth and contraction into account. Scottish currencies, and in the fifteenth century Ireland developed its own coinage. This Sterling Area began to contract in the second half of the fourteenth century, when reductions in the bullion content of Scottish coins ended the equivalence of the English and. Read moreīetween the eleventh century and mid-thirteenth century a Sterling Area evolved in the British Isles, with a common currency based upon the English silver penny and equivalents of it produced in Scotland and Ireland. In addition, the distinctive ethnic settlements of several other groups from Great Britain, including the Welsh and Cornish, as well as those from Ireland, are discussed. The influences of these groups upon architecture, community arrangements, toponyms, and land tenure are reviewed. New York: Oxford University Press) as having had distinctive contributions to the American landscape: the Puritans from East Anglia, Quakers from the Midlands, gentry and commoners from south central England, and the Scots and Scots-Irish. Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America.
this chapter focuses upon those four British groups identified by Fischer (1989. Noting the British themselves were culturally diverse. It describes the role of the British in shaping many cultural features that are now often associated with being simply American.
This chapter notes the cultural diversity among the immigrants from the British Isles and concentrates upon the several ethnic landscapes created in the Eastern seaboard states originally colonized by the British.
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